Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples

Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples Pricing Strategies Week 6 EWMBA 206 Ganesh Iyer 1 Analysis Framework Competitor Analysis Perceptual mapping Company Analysis Marketing Myopia First mover advantages Customer Analysis Positioning Segmentation Marketing Strategy Pricing process Pricing and innovation Product Marketing Orientation Branding Price Promotion Place Market Ganesh Iyer 2 Economics of Pricing Two Problems with Single Price Strategy ï  ± Leave money on the table ï  ± Some customers are willing to pay more ï  ± Pass-up Profit ï  ± Some potential customers were not served even though the firm could have served them at prices above the marginal cost Ganesh Iyer 3 Price Discrimination Customization by Observable Characteristics Based on observable characteristics that signal buyers’ price sensitivity ïÆ'Ëœchessclub.com/ : Students: $29.95/year; Adults: $59.95 ï  ¬ AMC theaters can observe the consumer-type using his student ID, seniors  » Customer 1 No student ID $6.75  » Customer 2 Haas student ID $4.75  » Customer 3 Haas student ID $4.75  » etc. Ganesh Iyer 4 Price Discrimination Purchase Location ï  ± Consumers at different purchase locations have different price sensitivity ï  ± Cure for anthrax: $450 in the U.S. $190 in Canada canadadrugs.com ï  ± Staples website asks for zip code staples.com/ ï  ± Select segmentation variables that ensure ï  ± different segments purchase at different locations ï  ± high enough shipping cost to prevent arbitrage Ganesh Iyer 5 Customize By Time of Purchase ï  ± Peak-load pricing: designed to re-distribute usage from peak time to off-peak time ï  ± Redeye flight. ï  ± Electronic road pricing. Ganesh Iyer 6 Electronic Road Pricing Ganesh Iyer 7 Price Discrimination Palm Pilot: Product-line in Action Palmm505 Palmm500 Palm VIIx $399 Color $399 $449 Palm Vx $299 Palm IIIxe $179 Palm m100 $129 Ganesh Iyer 8 Microsoft Office: Product Line (Versioning) in Action Office 2000 Developer Office 2000 Premium Office 2000 Small Business Ganesh Iyer Office 2000 Professional Office 2000 Standard 9 How to Price Discriminate Using through Product Line Design? ï  ¬ Key to Successful Versioning ï  ² Identify the best ways to distinguish the different versions of the product/service ïÆ'Ëœ Need to determine which features will be highly valuable to some customers but of little value to others. ïÆ'Ëœ Goal: Create the â€Å"right† # of versions targeted at the â€Å"right† customer segments by setting the â€Å"right† prices. ï  ² Strategic Issue Cannibalization: Will the high-end customers buy the higher priced version? How to dissuade them from buying the lower priced version? Ganesh Iyer 10 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï€   Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ï€   Table: Perceived Economic Value Personal Users ï€   Business Users ï€   Segment Size 60 40 ï€   Dell 350 MHz $ 500 $ 750 ï€   Dell 550 MHz $ 750 $ 2500 Ganesh Iyer 11 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï  ° Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ïÆ'Ëœ Option I: Dell 350 MHz only: ï  ² Targeting: Business Users – Price $ 750 – Total Revenue $ 30,000 ï  ² Targeting: Business Users & Personal Users – Price $ 500 – Total Revenue $ 50,000 ïÆ' ° Ganesh Iyer Optimal targeting if introducing 350 MHz: Business Users + Personal Users 12 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï  ° Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ïÆ'Ëœ Option II: Dell 550 MHz only: ï  ² Targeting: Business Users – Price $ 2500 – Total Revenue $ 100,000 ï  ² Targeting: Business Users & Personal Users – Price $ 750 – Total Revenue $ 75,000 ïÆ' ° Ganesh Iyer Optimal targeting if targeting 550 MHz: Business Users 13 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ïÆ'Ëœ Option III: Both 350 MHz & 550 MHz : ï  ² What will be the price of 350 Mhz = 500 ï  ² What are the options available to Business Users? ï  ² Buy 350 MHz at $ 500 or 550 MHz at $ X? ï  ² Surplus from 350 MHz = $ 750 - $ 500 = $ 250 Thus, price of 550 MHz

Simile and metaphor Essays

Simile and metaphor Essays Simile and metaphor Paper Simile and metaphor Paper The speakers anger is a central to the whole poem. In stanza two Afrika achieves a shocking intensity by his line arrangement and repetition. The repetition of and(12-15) gives the impression of deep familiarity with the bureaucratic sounding District Six (9) and we can understand the sentiment amiable weeds(8) more clearly. The listing effect establishes a rhythm and a pattern, which the reader anticipates. This means that when and(15) turns into anger(16) it comes as a shock. The stanza also concentrates on the sensitive parts of his body, skinlungseyes(13-16) all, which are subject and vulnerable to hurt. Anger is also associated closely with heat and fire. It is the hotanger of his eyes(15-16); the sign of the restaurant is flaring(18) and his hands burn(45). The image of glass(17, 30, 41, 47) is very important in the poem (the word appears four times) as well as a reference to clear panes(28). It is glass which shuts out the speaker in the poem. It is a symbol of the inequality between whites and blacks, rich and poor. The glass symbolises the exclusion of the blacks from the whites world. But in the glass as well as looking in on outside, one can also see a reflection of oneself. The glass acting as a mirror means that it brings about a double traumatic experience . The speaker sees the standard of living that he has, the stains of bunny chow on his jeans, but he also sees the higher standard of living being enjoyed by his (now) equal countrymen. It is this injustice, which causes the speaker to yearn, for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass(46-47). It is not the actual glass that he wants to smash; it is the racist mentality of those in power that he wants to shatter. The poems title and last line suggests, Nothings changed(48). The speakers familiarity with this environment has not changed. Although there is no sign there, the poet can feel that he is in District Six, my feet know/and my hands.(11-12) The gap in the standard of living has not shortened between the black and white people. There is still that element of exclusivity, no sign says it(25) as the apartheid is over, but there is a guard at the gatepost(23). The poet still feels the anger and violent rage towards those that exclude him. The title in this sense is ironic, physically everything has changed, the Port Jackson trees(21) threaten to take over and there is new restaurant whose patrons are exclusively white. However deep down the important matters and worthwhile changes have not taken place. This leads to a sense of disappointment because an expected change has not happened. District Six has changed, but the speakers feelings have not because the new South Africa operates apartheid based on wealth. The poet reflects that despite the changing political situation, there are still huge inequalities between blacks and whites. The poem is a protest about the injustices of a system that allowed apartheid in the first place, but now does so little to improve the lives of the non-whites. Those in powerful and influential positions resist progress and deny justice to the common people. The title, Inglan is a Bitch is repeated as a refrain throughout the poem. The word bitch has many connotations, all of which are negative, so straight from the beginning the reader can intelligently guess that the poem criticises England. Black immigrants were brought to England to help alleviate the labour force after the Second World War; it was labelled as a country of many opportunities, a promise that turned out to be false. Literally a bitch is a female dog and they are noted for their hardworking nature. This could signify that in order to survive in England you have to be diligent also. In Linton Kwesi Johnsons, Inglan is a Bitch the narrator is black immigrant worker, who describes his work history in England. He has worked in the andahgroun(2); has had a lickle jab in a big otell(11) and in a crockery factory. All his jobs have been hard labour and menial work even at the age of fifty-five(42). He tells the reader that he was doing well while he was working as a dish-washa(11). This type of employment is quite unskilled and a job that most white Britons would consider beneath them. The poem dispels the myth that England has good economic prospects for everyone. Not only are the immigrants working very hard for a lickle wage packit(17), they are forced to pay high taxes also. (Employment) In the 1950s and 1960s people from the Caribbean migrated to Britain in relatively large numbers. Most of these settled in cities, especially in the large English cities, and in most of these communities people from Jamaica were more numerous than people from other parts of the Caribbean. Although the Caribbean is made up of many different islands and mainland territories, including many where an English Creole is not spoken, British Black English is most similar to Jamaican Creole, because of the larger number of Jamaicans who settled in this country. (Sebba, Creole English and Black English) The most striking element of this poem I felt was the sound of the poem. Written in a Street Creole variety of dialect it forces the reader to read the poem with a different tongue; London is written as Landan(1). However this may also cause a problem with communication. It is hard in some sections to decipher what the poet is actually trying to say. A language barrier is formed. The tone of the poem is conversational, but it also has a musical, song-like quality. The rhyme scheme, rhythm and the beat all contribute to this Caribbean musical quality. There is also a refrain or in the context of a song, a chorus. The aural nature of the poem functions as a mirror for cultural identity. The style and speech represents Jamaica, but the context is in England. The refrains in the poem are very interesting, deres no escapin it(5) is repeated in every other stanza along with Inglan is a Bitch. The speaker wants to escape, but cannot. The tone is resigned and there is not much hope. Because he has lived in England, he cannot even go back. This could be due to a fused identity and now he does not fit in either culture. noh baddah try fi hide fram it(16) The poet feels oppressed and has accepted defeat. The discrimination is ever-present. This next line is important, a noh lie mi a tell, a true(24) the speaker explains to the reader that he is not moaning or exaggerating, but is giving a accurate representation of his problems. yu haffi know how fi suvvive in it(32) The verb used is survive, a harsher substitute for live. The speaker explains that life is not easy and the basics are hard to come by. yu bettah face up to it(40) echoing line 16 the speaker tells us and tells himself to just accept the hardship. There is no point in denying or trying to change something more powerful. He has no options, as no one will even listen to his problems. This is why he is writing the poem, hoping this medium will reach out to those who can help him and understand his despair. is whey wi a goh dhu bout it?(56) The last line seems to invert the vibe given out in the lines above. There is a positive emphasis as the speaker asserts this question to his audience, who may be influential black people or sympathetic white people. The wi (we) is also only seen in the last line. It signifies collectiveness and unity for a particular purpose. On his own he is nothing, but through his poetry he may find people in similar predicaments and together they can bring about a change. Ending the poem with a question means that the poet is leaving the reader to make up his mind on the situation. The poem as well as reflecting the cultural identity of the black immigrants in England, also creates a mirror for national identity. It depicts to those in power what the condition of the Afro-Caribbean contingent is. It is sweet and glorious to die for your country. This is the full translation of the phrase Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. Which comes from Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. The title of the poem is ironic. The poem does not so much induce pity as it does shock, especially for the civilians at home who believed war was noble and glorious. Owens war poems are for civilians to make audible to them the authentic experiences of the arm. (Kerr, p.219) The soldiers are trudging back from the battle, a daunting depiction expressed through simile and metaphor. The mens wretched condition is compared to old beggars(1), hags(2). The young men have grown unnaturally old and decrepit (Kerr, p.276). They cannot walk straight as their blood-shod(6) try to negotiate the mud. The words that Owen uses have different meanings beyond the real meaning and exploit ambiguity, for example, distant rest(4), what kind of rest? In line 8 the rhythm slackens as a particularly dramatic moment approaches.

Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior - Essay Example Biological roots of criminal behavior lost much of its ground during the Second World War, largely discredited by Nazi Germany’s eugenics and the discriminatory treatment of ethnic groups and races that were determined to be predisposed to deviance and thus mercilessly removed from society (Rafter, 2009). However, during the latter part of the 20th century, biological explanations of criminal behavior have been making a comeback (Rafter, 2009). Biological explanations of criminal behavior have been largely influenced by investments in genetic studies are developing impressively and threatening to â€Å"break the monopoly† of sociological explanations (Rafter, 2010, p. 199). The emphasis on genetics was spurred by a determination to understand, predict and prevent â€Å"harms of all types† from â€Å"cancer to terrorism to criminality† (Rafter, 2009, p. 199). The renewed interest in biocriminology has resulted in a number of theoretical assumptions. For ins tance, Robinson et al (2008) identified the progress made in scientific understandings of the connection between genes, the human brain and corresponding social conduct. According to Robinson et al (2008), the link is explained by reference to â€Å"two key vectors of influence† (p. 896). ... According to McInerney (1999) even if it were possible to explain social behavior by virtue of gene functioning and gene expression, environmental influences have a significant influence on factors that give way to criminal behavior. These factors are self-control, motives and any number of factors that function independent of an individual’s genetic make-up (McInerney, 1999). Human behavior is therefore a complex area of study and the factors contributing to criminal behavior are many. There is no single biological factor, nor is there a single environmental factor that causes criminal behavior. The most reasonable conclusion is that there are number of biological factors that interact with a number of environmental and social factors that lead to criminal behavior (Hamer, 2002). Hagan (2011) therefore suggested that biological theories of criminal behavior â€Å"will never replace social etiology† (p. 140). What we are left with is determining the â€Å"psychological , biological, and sociological factors† and how they â€Å"interact to produce crime and delinquency† (Hagan, 2011, p. 140). Mainstream criminologists are slow to embrace the concept of biological factors as appropriate explanations of criminal behavior. Perceptions among mainstream criminologists are that accepting biological explanations of criminal behavior is regressive. Biocriminology requires going back to antiquated ideals of the natural born criminal and accepting that criminal behavior is somehow sick rather than criminal. Thus one is expected to ignore the reality that crime is essentially a conflict between law and behavior and as such can be corrected by rehabilitation and/or punishment (Hagan, 2011). During the Victorian Era, scientific